Canine Degenerative Myelopathy: Causes, Signs & Care Tips
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects the spinal cord of older dogs, bearing similarities to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans. It generally appears in dogs aged seven or older, leading to gradual hind limb weakness, loss of coordination, and ultimately paralysis.
Breeds at Higher Risk for Degenerative Myelopathy
This hereditary disease is closely tied to a mutation in the SOD1 gene. In the United States, more than 43 breeds are known to be at risk, with certain breeds showing greater prevalence. Notably, the German Shepherd, Boxer, and Pembroke Welsh Corgi stand out. Other susceptible breeds include the Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Wire Fox Terrier, and Rhodesian Ridgeback. For example, German Shepherds are among the most commonly diagnosed breeds with DM in the US, which makes genetic screening especially vital among breeders and owners of this breed.
The Role and Importance of Genetic Testing
Genetic testing to identify the SOD1 gene mutation is a critical step for responsible dog breeders and engaged owners. Testing outcomes fall into three categories:
- Clear (normal): The dog does not carry the mutation and hence has minimal risk of passing DM to offspring.
- Carrier (normal/abnormal): The dog carries one copy of the mutation, usually asymptomatic but capable of transmitting the gene.
- Affected (abnormal): The dog possesses two copies of the mutation, increasing the likelihood of developing DM and passing it to puppies.
In the US dog breeding community, testing is becoming a standard practice particularly for at-risk breeds, helping to minimize the disease's propagation.
Breeding Guidelines and Managing Genetic Risks
Understanding genetic inheritance helps breeders decrease the probability of affected pups:
- Puppies born from two clear parents will not inherit DM.
- If one parent is a carrier and the other is clear, roughly half the litter may be carriers but likely won't develop the disease.
- When both parents are carriers, about 25% of puppies might be affected, 50% carriers, and 25% clear.
- If one parent is affected and one is clear, all puppies will be carriers.
- With one affected and one carrier parent, approximately half may become affected and half carriers.
- If both parents are affected, all puppies will likely develop DM.
Topics like these are critical in ethical breeding practices in the US to uphold healthier dog populations.
Identifying Signs and How the Disease Advances
The initial symptoms often include weakness and coordination loss in the hind limbs, which can be mistaken for arthritis—a common misdiagnosis in older dogs. Dogs may drag their back paws or scrape their nails while walking. As the disease advances, paralysis progresses from the rear legs to include balance problems, urinary incontinence, and involvement of front limbs. The speed of progression varies widely, ranging from several months to a few years.
Providing Supportive Care to Enhance Quality of Life
Though no cure exists yet for DM, supportive care aims to preserve comfort and mobility for as long as possible. Strategies include:
- Physical therapy and massage to maintain muscle strength and joint flexibility.
- Hydrotherapy sessions, which help improve mobility with reduced stress on joints.
- Using ramps instead of stairs to assist with easier movement, especially in homes with multiple levels.
- Special equipment like rear-leg slings or wheeled carts helps dogs stay active even as paralysis sets in.
- Regular, manageable exercise adjusted to the dog's current capabilities.
With compassionate care, many dogs maintain a good quality of life and enjoy mobility for longer periods.
Early Detection and Responsible Dog Ownership
Prompt recognition of early signs and genetic screening for breeds predisposed to DM enable owners and breeders to make well-informed choices. Reputable breeders in the US prioritize genetic testing to reduce this condition's occurrence. If you're considering a dog from susceptible breeds, seek breeders who conduct such screenings to help safeguard future generations.
Consult your veterinarian immediately if you notice any changes in your dog's mobility or early symptoms of degenerative myelopathy for a comprehensive evaluation and supportive guidance.
