Corneal Dystrophy in Dogs: Causes, Signs & Treatment

Corneal dystrophy is a genetic eye disorder commonly seen in many dog breeds across the US, leading to gradual changes in the cornea's clear surface. Typically, both eyes display similar signs. Though a frequent condition, it isn’t linked to other systemic health problems. Knowing about this disease allows American dog owners to manage their pet's vision care with empathy and informed responsibility.

Types of Corneal Dystrophy in Dogs

Corneal dystrophy has three primary types in dogs, based on which corneal layer is affected:

• Epithelial corneal dystrophy – impacts the cornea’s surface cell layer, causing uneven surface irregularities often noticeable in breeds like the Shetland Sheepdog.
• Stromal corneal dystrophy – results in cloudy or opaque areas within the middle corneal layer, giving the eye a misty or hazy look. This condition may be seen in breeds such as the Siberian Husky and Beagle.
• Endothelial corneal dystrophy – involves the innermost corneal lining cells, frequently causing fluid buildup and swelling. Boston Terriers, Dachshunds, and Chihuahuas are examples of breeds often affected.

Symptoms to Notice

Symptoms vary with the corneal dystrophy type but generally include:

• Grayish, white, or silver irregular or circular patterns on the cornea
• Occasional eye discomfort or spasms
• Cloudiness or ring-shaped (annular) opacities
• Swelling or blister-like formations on the cornea, particularly in endothelial dystrophy

Early symptoms usually do not severely affect vision, but endothelial dystrophy can gradually lead to vision loss. Dogs may show symptoms anytime from six months old to older ages. Breed predispositions include Shetland Sheepdogs (epithelial dystrophy) and Boston Terriers (endothelial dystrophy).

Causes of Corneal Dystrophy

The condition is inherited and involves degenerative or abnormal changes at specific corneal layers:

• Epithelial dystrophy results from degeneration of surface corneal cells.
• Stromal dystrophy arises from inherent issues in the stromal layer, leading to lipid deposit accumulation.
• Endothelial dystrophy involves the breakdown of cells lining the inner cornea, causing fluid retention and swelling.

How Veterinarians Diagnose Corneal Dystrophy

A veterinary ophthalmologist performs a comprehensive eye exam, which may include:

• Investigation of medical history and genetic background to identify hereditary risks
• Use of slit lamp microscopy to evaluate corneal layers in detail
• Fluorescent staining to detect ulcers or abrasions on the cornea
• Tonometry to measure intraocular pressure and rule out glaucoma
• Blood and urine analysis to assess overall health

Treatment and Care Approaches

Management depends on the dystrophy type and symptom severity. Supportive care is often the focus:

• Corneal ulcers: Prescription antibiotic eye ointments to prevent infections.
• Stromal dystrophy: Typically requires no therapy, but periodic check-ups are important.
• Endothelial dystrophy: May involve hyperosmotic eye drops or ointments to reduce swelling, or surgery such as thermokeratoplasty in severe cases; some veterinarians might recommend protective contact lenses.

Regular visits to the veterinarian are essential for ongoing monitoring, especially if there are signs of pain or vision changes.

Living Comfortably with Corneal Dystrophy

Though the corneas may remain hazy, many dogs keep good vision and enjoy a high quality of life. Pet owners should promptly consult their veterinarians if discomfort or worsening symptoms appear. Early treatment can help prevent complications and support your dog's eye comfort and eyesight.