First US Dog-to-Dog Leishmaniasis Case: What Dog Owners Should Know

Recently, the first documented case of dog-to-dog transmission of leishmaniasis was identified in the United States, underscoring the importance of awareness among American dog owners and veterinarians alike.

What Is Canine Leishmaniasis?

Leishmaniasis, caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum, primarily affects dogs. While it is usually transmitted through bites from sand flies, tiny insects commonly found in tropical and subtropical climates, transmission can also occur directly between dogs—via bites, blood transfusions, or from mother to puppy—even in regions where sand flies aren’t native.

In the US, cases have typically been linked to dogs imported from or having traveled to endemic areas like parts of Latin America. Despite its rarity here, the disease can manifest with various symptoms and immune responses.

The First Dog-to-Dog Transmission Case in the US

A recent case confirmed transmission between dogs without traditional risk factors such as travel or exposure to sand flies. This particular dog had no history of travel abroad, suggesting infection occurred through contact with another infected dog, marking a significant milestone in understanding the disease’s spread in the US.

Implications for American Dog Owners

• Stay vigilant: As international dog travel and imports increase in the US, awareness of leishmaniasis and its transmission is essential.
• Screen dogs with travel or contact history: Dogs that have traveled to endemic regions or been in contact with imported dogs should be evaluated by a veterinarian.
• Recognize early symptoms: Weight loss, skin sores, eye issues, swollen lymph nodes, and lethargy are signs warranting veterinary attention.

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

Veterinarians diagnose leishmaniasis through blood tests and sometimes biopsy samples from lymph nodes or skin. While there is no definitive cure to eradicate the parasite fully, treatments can alleviate symptoms and improve dogs’ quality of life. Vaccination options exist but are not commonly used in the US; prevention mainly emphasizes reducing exposure risks.

Preventing Leishmaniasis in US Dogs

• Protect against sand fly bites: In southern US states where sand flies might be present, use veterinarian-recommended insect repellents and keep dogs indoors at dawn and dusk, when these insects are most active.
• Limit close contact: Since the disease can spread dog-to-dog, avoid sharing toys, bedding, or intimate interaction with dogs whose health status is unknown.
• Regular veterinary check-ups: Annual screenings are valuable, especially for dogs with travel histories or contact with imported dogs.
• Practice responsible breeding and blood transfusion policies: Ensure breeders test for leishmaniasis to prevent transmission to puppies, and use only screened blood donors.

Supporting Owners of Affected Dogs

If your dog is diagnosed with leishmaniasis, collaborate closely with your veterinarian to tailor a long-term care plan. Managing this chronic illness requires dedication, and emotional support from veterinary experts and fellow pet owners can make a significant difference in your journey.

Summary

This landmark case of dog-to-dog leishmaniasis transmission in the US highlights the evolving landscape of canine health threats. By staying informed, monitoring symptoms, and practicing preventive care, American dog lovers can protect their pets and help curb the spread of this uncommon but serious disease.