Hydrocephalus in Dogs: Signs, Causes & Treatment in USA

Hydrocephalus in dogs is a neurological disorder characterized by an abnormal build-up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles, which creates increased pressure on brain tissues. Often referred to as "water on the brain," this condition can result in severe neurological complications if not addressed. Hydrocephalus can be either present from birth (congenital) or develop later, and small breeds such as Yorkshire Terriers, Maltese, and Chihuahuas often show a predisposition for congenital cases.

What is Hydrocephalus in Dogs?

The condition occurs when the production of cerebrospinal fluid exceeds its absorption or when the pathways for fluid drainage are blocked in the brain. Primary hydrocephalus is a congenital form, present at birth due to developmental abnormalities in the brain or skull. Alternatively, secondary hydrocephalus develops due to injury, brain tumors, infections like meningitis, or other trauma that interferes with the normal flow of CSF.

In puppies, congenital hydrocephalus may be triggered by several prenatal factors, such as maternal infections during pregnancy, exposure to certain medications causing birth defects, or birth trauma that disrupts normal brain development.

Early Signs to Watch For

Puppies affected with congenital hydrocephalus typically show symptoms between 8 and 12 weeks old. Because their skull bones haven’t fused completely, accumulating fluid causes their heads to enlarge and take on a dome-shaped appearance, sometimes with noticeable soft spots (fontanelles). Signs to look for include seizures, pressing the head against walls or objects, unusual eye positioning (ventrolateral strabismus), changes in behavior, vision problems or blindness, and unsteady walking.

Often, these puppies are smaller or runt-sized compared to their littermates and may face delays in training and learning. The severity of symptoms can vary, with some dogs experiencing rapid onset and others worsening more slowly.

Diagnosis and Veterinary Evaluation

Veterinarians usually suspect hydrocephalus based on clinical examination and history provided by the owner. A comprehensive physical and neurological exam is critical, followed by diagnostic imaging such as MRI or CT scans to confirm fluid accumulation and gauge its extent. These imaging techniques also help differentiate hydrocephalus from other neurological disorders.

Breeds with Higher Risk in the USA

Certain small and toy breeds are more prone to hydrocephalus, including:

• Cairn Terriers
• Chihuahuas
• Maltese
• Pomeranians
• Toy Poodles
• Yorkshire Terriers
• Boston Terriers
• English Bulldogs
• Lhasa Apsos
• Pekingese
• Pugs
• Shih Tzus

Treatment and Outlook

Managing hydrocephalus is largely dependent on how severe the condition is. In mild cases, medications like corticosteroids and diuretics can be prescribed to reduce CSF production and control seizures. These drugs typically help alleviate symptoms for a time but don’t cure the underlying problem.

In more critical cases, surgery may be necessary. A specialized procedure involving the installation of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt can divert excess fluid from the brain to the abdomen, relieving pressure. Such surgeries require experienced veterinary neurologists, are expensive, and carry inherent risks. Additionally, not every dog is a candidate for or able to afford this intervention.

Unfortunately, when the prognosis is poor and the dog's quality of life is severely compromised, veterinarians may discuss humane euthanasia as the kindest course of action.

Preventing Hydrocephalus through Ethical Breeding

Preventing hydrocephalus hinges on conscientious breeding practices. Dogs diagnosed with hydrocephalus or from affected litters should be excluded from breeding. Keeping detailed health and lineage records is vital to minimize congenital cases.

Potential buyers in the USA should prioritize reputable breeders who conduct genetic screenings and health checks to reduce the risk of inherited disorders such as hydrocephalus.

Summary

Hydrocephalus is a challenging neurological condition in dogs but early detection and proper veterinary care can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Advances in diagnostics and treatment provide hope for affected dogs. Above all, responsible breeding and informed pet ownership form the cornerstone of preventing this condition.