The Spanish Water Dog is a typically hearty and vigorous breed. However, like all dogs, it is susceptible to both inherited and acquired ailments. One critical health concern for this breed is leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease uncommon in the US but widespread in Southern Europe, particularly Spain, the breed's homeland. As pet travel and relocation increase, it becomes essential for American owners to grasp how leishmaniasis spreads, recognize its symptoms, and implement safeguards to protect their canine companions.