Maltese Dog Health: Hereditary Risks & Testing in USA

The Maltese dog is a delightful, small toy breed originally from the Central Mediterranean region, specifically the island of Malta. Renowned for its long, silky white coat that sheds minimally, this breed is well-suited for individuals with allergies, though it requires regular grooming. As a favored lap dog and companion, Maltese owners in the U.S. should gain a clear understanding not just of coat maintenance, but also the breed’s health traits before bringing one home.

This guide highlights hereditary health challenges, average lifespan, and recommended health testing practices vital for conscientious ownership and breeding of Maltese dogs in the United States.

Longevity and Overall Health of the Maltese

Maltese dogs generally live between 12 and 15 years, which ranks them among the longer-lived small breeds. This lifespan depends on proper care and genetics, with dogs living beyond 14 years often benefiting from excellent health management and early attention to hereditary health concerns.

Genetic Diversity and Physical Structure

The Maltese breed maintains a manageable inbreeding coefficient—approximately 5.5%—which is within acceptable limits for pedigree dogs in the U.S. (below 6.25%). This level of genetic diversity helps decrease the chances of inherited disorders. Structurally, Maltese dogs are built for an active, healthy life, though their long fur demands meticulous grooming to avoid mats and ensure good eye health, including trimming around the eyes to prevent vision obstruction.

Common Hereditary Health Problems in Maltese

Although generally sturdy, Maltese dogs in the U.S. can be prone to several genetic health issues owners and breeders should be mindful of:

• Luxating Patella: A hereditary orthopedic condition where the kneecap occasionally slips out of its normal spot, causing pain, limping, and potentially arthritis or ligament damage. Many U.S. veterinarians screen for this during routine exams, and severe cases may require surgical correction.
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): This congenital heart defect involves a fetal blood vessel that fails to close after birth, causing abnormal blood flow and strain on the heart. Early health screenings help detect PDA, and corrective heart surgery often leads to favorable outcomes.
• Neurological Conditions: White dog shaker syndrome, an autoimmune disorder causing tremors commonly seen in small white breeds like Maltese, is diagnosed and treated by U.S. veterinary neurologists with corticosteroids.
• Liver Issues: Portosystemic shunts (liver shunts) or microvascular dysplasia may appear in some cases, impairing liver function. Blood tests and imaging are typical methods for early detection by U.S. veterinarians.
• Orthopedic Disorders: Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, involving the hip joint, can affect young Maltese puppies and is diagnosed via X-rays.
• Dental Diseases: Maltese dogs are susceptible to periodontal disease, which can impact overall health including the heart and kidneys. Annual dental check-ups and cleanings, plus home dental hygiene, are critical to prevention.
• Additional Concerns: Less common but important issues include cataracts, eyelid abnormalities such as entropion, hydrocephalus, hereditary deafness, hypothyroidism, and acquired tremor syndrome. Regular veterinary checkups help in early identification and management.

Health Tests Suggested for Maltese Dogs

To support the health of Maltese puppies and minimize inherited problems, breeders and owners should follow combined genetic and clinical testing recommendations:

1. Genetic Screening: DNA tests are essential to identify mutations linked to inherited diseases such as luxating patella and PDA. This empowers breeders to avoid mating carriers, reducing disease transmission.
2. Clinical Examinations: Routine veterinary checks, including orthopedic evaluations and cardiac imaging like echocardiograms and X-rays, help diagnose physical abnormalities including luxating patella and PDA early.

U.S. responsible breeders providing Maltese puppies typically share detailed health screening documentation, heart checks, and patella results. Some also screen for additional conditions such as brucellosis depending on breeder protocols.

Ongoing Care and Veterinary Attention

Regular veterinary care throughout the Maltese's life is crucial to preserving health and well-being. Recommended practices include:

• Beginning veterinary visits from puppyhood for heart and joint evaluations.
• Periodic check-ups at least twice a year for vaccinations, parasite prevention, dental care, and weight control.
• Immediate veterinary consultation when neurological symptoms or behavioral changes arise, which could indicate disorders like syringomyelia or autoimmune brain conditions.

Collaborating with your U.S. veterinarian to create individualized health plans will help prolong a Maltese's happy, healthy lifespan and optimize quality of life.

Choosing a Responsible Maltese Breeder and Resources

Prospective owners in the U.S. should prioritize acquiring Maltese dogs from reputable breeders committed to transparent health testing and ethical breeding practices. This reduces risk of hereditary diseases and supports breed integrity.

Organizations such as the American Maltese Association offer resources and guidance tailored to Maltese care in the U.S., providing education on breed standards and health.

When Should Maltese Puppies Leave Their Mothers?

Short Answer: In the U.S., Maltese puppies should remain with their mothers and littermates until at least eight weeks old. This period is vital for proper social behavior development, full weaning, and immune system strengthening.

Responsible American breeders adhere strictly to this timeline to ensure Maltese puppies are well-adjusted and ready for their new homes.

Frequently Asked Questions About Maltese Health Testing

What health screenings are essential for Maltese dogs?
The primary screenings include tests for luxating patella and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), along with routine veterinary exams targeting other possible health issues.

Why is genetic testing important?
Genetic tests identify carrier dogs before symptoms appear, enabling breeders to make wise pairing decisions and prevent passing genetic diseases to puppies.

How often should I take my Maltese to a veterinarian?
It is advised to schedule veterinary visits at least twice yearly to monitor health, detect conditions early, and manage age-related issues.

Overall, Maltese dogs are a generally healthy, long-living breed. Understanding hereditary health risks and conducting appropriate testing form the foundation of responsible American Maltese ownership. With conscientious breeding, regular veterinary care, and dedicated owners, Maltese dogs can enjoy long, joyful lives as beloved companions.