Protein-Losing Nephropathy in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Testing

Protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) is a hereditary kidney disorder that primarily affects dogs, especially the soft coated Wheaten Terrier puppies. Larger breeds such as the Bernese Mountain Dog, Golden Retriever, and Labrador Retriever also face increased risks.

This condition usually manifests in adult dogs between two and six years of age. Often, dogs affected with PLN are bred unknowingly before symptoms become apparent, contributing to the spread of the disease within breeds. Fortunately, genetic testing protocols are available for soft coated Wheaten Terriers, helping owners evaluate their dogs’ risk and support responsible breeding.

Understanding Protein-Losing Nephropathy

PLN encompasses a group of kidney diseases that injure the glomeruli—tiny filters within the kidneys responsible for retaining protein in the bloodstream. When these glomeruli are damaged, excessive protein escapes into the urine, leading to significant protein loss.

Since protein is crucial for many body functions, losing it through urine can result in widespread health issues. Key underlying causes include amyloidosis, inflammation or infections of the kidneys, kidney failure, and chronic kidney disease.

Which Dog Breeds Are Most Vulnerable to PLN?

The soft coated Wheaten Terrier holds the highest association with protein-losing nephropathy, making genetic testing extremely important for breeders and owners. Large breeds such as the Bernese Mountain Dog puppies, Golden Retrievers, and Labradors are also more frequently affected compared to smaller breeds. Studies suggest that females are moderately more susceptible than males.

Symptoms and Warning Signs to Notice

Early signs of PLN can be subtle and may easily be missed because they resemble many other common illnesses. Still, recognizing these symptoms promptly is vital for better management.

• Appetite loss or refusal to eat
• Repeated vomiting, sometimes post meals
• Unexplained weight loss
• Behavioral changes such as confusion or aggression
• Swelling (edema) on the abdomen and limbs due to fluid buildup
• Increased thirst and water consumption
• Decreased urination frequency despite drinking more fluids
• Heightened sensitivities or allergic-type reactions to specific foods
• Ongoing itching and widespread skin irritation

If you observe any combination of these symptoms, it’s crucial to schedule a veterinary visit promptly. Since PLN progresses gradually over months or years, early detection significantly improves treatment options.

How Is PLN Passed Down Genetically?

In soft coated Wheaten Terriers, protein-losing nephropathy is inherited through an autosomal gene defect, meaning it requires copies from both parents. Dogs with one faulty gene copy carry a moderate risk, while those with two copies have a higher chance of showing symptoms.

Genetic Testing: A Key Preventive Measure

For soft coated Wheaten Terriers, genetic testing is an essential tool breeders and owners should use before breeding to identify PLN risk. The testing typically involves collecting a blood sample or a buccal swab and sending it to an accredited laboratory.

Both the potential sire and dam must undergo testing, even if they appear healthy, since the disease often manifests later in life. Prospective puppy buyers should request health testing results from breeders to ensure the puppies come from PLN-free parents, helping reduce the disease’s incidence.

Combining genetic screening with wise breeding decisions promotes healthier dog generations and curbs the spread of protein-losing nephropathy.

Medical Management of Protein-Losing Nephropathy

Although there is currently no cure for PLN, timely diagnosis enables effective disease management to sustain quality of life. Treatment usually includes medications such as ACE inhibitors (like enalapril or benazepril) which help reduce protein loss through the kidneys, control blood pressure, and specialized diets that limit but maintain high-quality protein intake.

Ongoing veterinary follow-up is vital for monitoring kidney function and adjusting treatment as needed. Some dogs may also benefit from low-dose aspirin to minimize blood clot risks.

What to Do if You Suspect Protein-Losing Nephropathy

If your dog displays any symptoms related to PLN, it’s important to book a veterinary appointment without delay. The veterinarian will perform urine and blood analysis to confirm protein loss and evaluate kidney health. Early diagnosis and intervention improve the prognosis for dogs living with this condition.

In summary, protein-losing nephropathy is a serious, hereditary kidney disorder mainly affecting soft coated Wheaten Terriers and select large breeds. Staying alert to symptoms, utilizing genetic testing, choosing responsible breeding strategies, and ensuring early veterinary care are all critical steps in safeguarding your dog’s health and wellbeing.